Good soils increase resilience of Welsh farms during weather extremes

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Welsh farmers are being warned to take soil health seriously or risk poor production as spells of extreme wet and dry weather become commonplace.

Fields with poor soil structure won’t perform in very dry conditions because they can’t absorb and then retain moisture during wetter periods, says NIAB soil scientist Dr Elizabeth Stockdale.

Soils with good structure have a mix of big and small ‘pores’ for moving and retaining water, she told farmers attending a joint Farming Connect and AHDB ‘All Things Soils’ event at Trawscoed Farm, a Farming Connect Innovation Site near Aberystwyth.

“The bigger pores, what I call the ‘motorway pores’, may be no bigger than a human hair but are very important for moving water through soils,’’ said Dr Stockdale.

“The network of little pores, the ‘B roads’, are where water is stored and are where plants draw water from in dry periods.’’

This pore network is disrupted in compacted soils or those where low pH limits biological activity.

To establish the condition of soil Dr Stockdale recommends digging a out a spade-sized block of soil.

To ensure no opportunities are missed, she suggests that farmers carry a spade in every vehicle they use.

Score the whole block to a depth of 30cm using the ‘Healthy Grassland Soils’ assessment tool freely available from AHDB. This document provides a pictorial guide to assessing soils in a grassland situation.

“Always score the whole block according to its worst bit because any part of that block that scores badly will affect the performance of the entire block,’’ Dr Stockdale explained.

A good indicator of soil biology is the earthworm population – in grassland soils with a healthy population expect to find at least 15 and ideally more than 30 in the block, with a variety of species present, according to the AHDB guide – https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/how-to-count-earthworms.

“Earthworms are really good at getting entwined around the roots so you really need to break up the block to see what is there,’’ Dr Stockdale advised.

Machinery is a major cause of compaction and, on wet ground, 50-80% of damage is caused by the first pass of a machine.

“We tend to think that it is better to spread the damage by using different routes across a field but by taking the same route the damage will be limited to that area,’’ said Dr Stockdale.

Establishing tracks enables the potential damage caused by machinery movements across fields to be reduced, she added.

Soil acidity is one of the most influential factors in forage production yet many grassland farms are losing grass yield and quality because they are failing to apply lime.

The pH level in soil is the most important part of its chemistry, said Dr Stockdale – below pH 6 and the ability of plants to perform is curtailed.

She recommends getting soils tested to establish its nutrient status – every five years for grassland and three years for silage ground.

The event was attended by farmers from different sectors including organic sheep farmer David Bodsworth, of Tanllan Farm, near Tregaron.

“These events are absolutely vital,’’ he said. “Part of the problem with the farming community is that we are isolated, it is important to come to events like this to gain knowledge and advice and to hear the experiences of other farmers.’’

The event was facilitated by Farming Connect South West Wales Dairy Technical Officer, Abigail James.

She said the event had provided farmers with an opportunity to learn how to manage their soils, and to also learn how to optimise home-produced nutrients.

Getting the most nutrient value from slurry and manure is essential, given rising fertiliser costs, she said.

“Manure and slurry are valuable farm assets, not waste products, and the correct use of these is integral to producing low-cost grass.’’

Funding for the project has been provided by the Welsh Government’s Rural Communities Rural Development Programme 2014-2020.

 

Dr Stockdale’s top tips for achieving good soil health

Biological

 Feed the soils regularly through plants and organic matter inputs

Move soil only when necessary

Consider increasing diversity of plants

Chemical

Maintain optimum pH

Provide plant nutrients in right amounts in the right place at the right time

Know your soil textures and minerals

Physical

Understand limits to the workability of soils on your farm

Optimise water balance through drainage if necessary

Improve soil structure and minimise compaction by limiting traffic on wet soil to provide effective continuous pore space

 

Priddoedd da yn gwella gwytnwch ffermydd Cymru mewn tywydd eithriadol

Mae ffermwyr Cymru’n cael eu rhybuddio i fod o ddifrif ynglŷn ag iechyd pridd neu fentro gweld lefelau cynhyrchu gwael wrth i gyfnodau o dywydd gwlyb a sych eithafol ddod yn gyffredin.

 

Ni fydd caeau sydd â strwythur pridd gwael yn perfformio’n dda mewn tywydd sych iawn am eu bod yn methu amsugno ac wedyn cadw lleithder yn ystod cyfnodau gwlypach, meddai’r gwyddonydd pridd o’r NIAB, Dr Elizabeth Stockdale.

Mae gan briddoedd sydd â strwythur da gymysgedd o ‘fandyllau’ mawr a bach at symud a chadw dŵr, meddai wrth ffermwyr yn ystod digwyddiad ‘Popeth Pridd’ ar y cyd rhwng Cyswllt Ffermio a’r AHDB yn Fferm Trawscoed, un o Safleoedd Arloesedd Cyswllt Ffermio ger Aberystwyth.

“Efallai na fydd y mandyllau mwyaf, y ‘traffyrdd’ fel dw i’n eu galw nhw, yn fwy o drwch na blewyn dynol, ond maen nhw’n bwysig iawn o ran symud dŵr drwy’r pridd,’’ meddai Dr Stockdale.

“Y rhwydwaith o fandyllau bach, y ‘ffyrdd B’, yw’r fan lle mae’r dŵr yn cael ei storio a lle mae’r planhigion yn codi dŵr yn ystod cyfnodau sych.’’

Mae’r rhwydwaith hwn o fandyllau’n cael ei aflonyddu mewn pridd cywasgedig neu bridd lle mae pH isel yn cyfyngu ar weithgarwch biolegol.

I ganfod cyflwr y pridd, mae Dr Stockdale yn argymell palu bloc o bridd yr un maint â rhaw.

Er mwyn sicrhau na fydd dim cyfleoedd yn cael eu colli, mae’n awgrymu y dylai ffermwyr gario rhaw ym mhob cerbyd y maen nhw’n ei ddefnyddio.

Sgoriwch y bloc cyfan i ddyfnder o 30cm gan ddefnyddio’r offeryn asesu ‘Priddoedd Glaswellt Iach’ sydd ar gael am ddim gan yr AHDB. Mae’r ddogfen hon yn rhoi canllaw darluniadol ar asesu pridd ar dir glas.

“Sgoriwch y bloc cyfan yn ôl y rhan waethaf ohono, achos fe fydd unrhyw ran o’r bloc sy’n sgorio’n wael yn effeithio ar berfformiad y bloc cyfan,’’ esboniodd Dr Stockdale.

Un dangosydd da o safbwynt bioleg pridd yw’r boblogaeth mwydod neu bryfed genwair. Mewn pridd ar dir glas sydd â phoblogaeth dda, dylech ddisgwyl cael o leiaf 15 ac yn ddelfrydol mwy na 30 yn y bloc pridd, gydag amryw o fathau’n bresennol, yn ôl canllaw’r AHDB – https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/how-to-count-earthworms.

“Mae mwydod yn wirioneddol dda am droi a throelli o amgylch y gwreiddiau felly mae gwir angen ichi chwalu’r bloc go iawn i weld beth sydd yno,” meddai Dr Stockdale.

Mae peiriannau’n achosi llawer o gywasgu ar y pridd ac, ar dir gwlyb, bydd 50-80% o’r difrod yn cael ei greu y tro cyntaf y bydd y peiriant yn croesi’r tir.

“Rydym yn tueddu i feddwl ei bod yn well rhannu’r difrod drwy ddefnyddio llwybrau gwahanol ar draws y cae, ond drwy ddilyn yr un llwybr fe fydd y difrod yn cael ei gyfyngu i’r fan honno,” meddai’r Dr Stockdale.

Mae creu traciau yn fodd i leihau’r difrod posibl sy’n cael ei greu wrth i beiriannau symud ar draws y caeau, ychwanegodd.

Asidedd y pridd yw un o’r ffactorau mwyaf dylanwadol o ran cynhyrchu porthiant ac eto i gyd mae llawer o ffermydd yn colli cynnyrch ac ansawdd ar dir glas am nad ydyn nhw’n chwalu calch.

Lefel pH y pridd yw’r rhan bwysicaf o’i gemeg, meddai Dr Stockdale. O dan pH 6 mae gallu’r planhigion i berfformio’n cael ei leihau.

Mae’r hi’n argymell trefnu profion pridd er mwyn canfod ei statws o ran maetholion – bob pum mlynedd ar gyfer tir glas a phob tair blynedd ar gyfer caeau silwair.

Daeth ffermwyr o sectorau gwahanol i’r digwyddiad, gan gynnwys y ffermwr defaid organig David Bodsworth, o fferm Tanllan ger Tregaron.

“Mae’r digwyddiadau hyn yn gwbl hanfodol,” meddai. “Un rhan o’r broblem gyda’r gymuned amaethu yw ein bod ni’n ynysig. Mae’n bwysig dod i ddigwyddiadau fel hyn i gael gwybodaeth a chyngor ac i glywed profiadau ffermwyr eraill.”

Cafodd y digwyddiad ei hwyluso gan Swyddog Technegol Llaeth Cyswllt Ffermio yn y De-orllewin, Abigail James.

Dywedodd hithau fod y digwyddiad wedi bod yn gyfle i ffermwyr ddysgu sut i reoli eu priddoedd, a dysgu hefyd sut i gynyddu maetholion cartref i’r eithaf.

Mae sicrhau’r gwerth maethol gorau o’r tail a’r slyri yn hanfodol, meddai, o gofio’r cynnydd yng nghostau gwrtaith.

“Mae tail a slyri’n asedau gwerthfawr ar y fferm, nid cynhyrchion gwastraff, ac mae defnyddio’r rhain yn gywir yn rhan annatod o gynhyrchu glaswellt am gost isel.”

Darparwyd cyllid ar gyfer y prosiect gan Raglen Datblygu Cymunedau Gwledig Llywodraeth Cymru 2014-2020.

Cynghorion gorau Dr Stockdale ar gyfer sicrhau pridd iach

Biolegol

Bwydwch y priddoedd yn rheolaidd drwy gyfrwng planhigion a mater organiPeidiwch â symud pridd oni bai bod rhaidYstyriwch gynyddu’r amrywiaeth planhigion

Cemegol

Cadwch y pH gorau posibl

Rhowch faetholion i’r planhigion yn y symiau cywir, yn y mannau cywir ac ar yr adeg gywir

Mynnwch wybod y mwynau sydd yn eich pridd a sut y dylai deimlo

Ffisegol

Mynnwch ddeall y cyfyngiadau o ran gweithio ar y priddoedd ar y ffer.

Gofalwch fod y cydbwysedd dŵr ar ei orau drwy waith draenio os oes angenCeisiwch wella strwythur y pridd a lleihau’r cywasgu arno drwy gyfyngu’r traffig ar bridd gwlyb, er mwyn caniatáu lle effeithiol i’r mandyllau drwy’r amser


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