Fedw Arian Uchaf, Bala

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Dafydd Owen Kitty Davies Geraint Davies Geraint Jones and Eryl Roberts

Reseeding three-quarters of grassland on a Welsh hill farm with a mixture of short and long term leys is allowing it to not only grow more grass but to provide grazing for sheep and cattle on the shoulders of the year.

Geraint and Rachel Davies took over the family farm at Fedw Arian Uchaf, Bala, in 2011 but, because there had been no reseeding or nutrient management programme for over 20 years, grass production was poor.

A Nutrient Management Plan part funded by Farming Connect revealed that no field on the organic holding had a pH higher than 5.8 and potash and phosphorous levels were mostly at index 0 or 1.

To address those shortfalls, Mr and Mrs Davies applied 1,000 tonnes of lime over an eight-year period and this programme is ongoing.

They have also refurbished existing farm tracks to help facilitate the application of farmyard manure to fields.

They then set about reseeding 61 hectares (ha) of their 81ha of grassland with varieties that matched their system and climate and their desire to grow more feed in the spring and autumn to shorten the housing periods for their flock of 650 Welsh Mountain ewes and 50 suckler cows.

During a recent Farming Connect open day at the farm, independent grassland expert Chris Duller, who has been involved in the reseeding project, said that an around £500/ha reseeding costs were not insubstantial but pointed out: “If you can grow an additional three tonnes a hectare and utilise that grass you will recover the cost in the first year.’’

In a beef system, every additional tonne of dry matter that is utilised by cattle can be converted into around £185 worth of liveweight gain.

“Many old leys are likely to be producing less than 7tDM/ha each year but a new long term ley should easily produce 10t in its first year, a short-term ley even more,’’ said Mr Duller.

As well as Italian ryegrass leys, which have the potential to grow 17-18tDM/ha in the first year, the Davies’ are also growing Westerwold, an annual ryegrass, which will provide grazing through late autumn and in early spring the following year as well as growing an early silage crop.

Mr Duller said short-term leys are not only a good for cleaning up fields with weeds but they fill the grass growth curve. “Having a range of sward types and some forage crops gets away from the boom and bust where everything is growing flat out in June and July but there isn’t enough at other times,’’ he said.

A downside, particularly for organic systems like the one at Fedw Arian Uchaf, is that short-term leys have a high nutrient demand. They can also be prone to diseases such as crown rust and produce an open sward which can cause issue when grazing in wet conditions.

Utilisation can also be challenging, particularly with a Westerwold, as it can soon start to produce seed heads if there is insufficient grazing pressure.

Twelve weeks after sowing, the Westerwolds and Italian leys at Fedw Arian Uchaf provided a light silage cut – yielding 2.7 and 2.3tDM/ha respectively.

Eighteen days later and lambs were on the very well grown aftermaths

Mr and Mrs Davies are also growing forage rape and swedes in a bid to eliminate concentrate inputs.

Mr Duller said a drawback of growing fodder crops is that it results in bare fields in the spring but he advised that this could be offset by growing a companion crop of Italian ryegrass. “If you are growing five acres of swedes, grow five acres of Italian in another field so that livestock have feed to transition to.’’

Another issue Mr and Mrs Davies are addressing is water management. Despite the farm’s exceptionally high level of rainfall, the natural water sources for livestock can run dry quickly and this impacts on the rotational grazing system.

Through Farming Connect, the couple have embarked on a Water Management Plan and are now considering the options of drilling a borehole or creating ponds.

They are also addressing the provision of shelterbelts for livestock through hedgerow and woodland management and are working with Coed Cymru and the Snowdonia National Park Authority on a project to manage a 35-acre ancient oak woodland.

Geraint Jones, Technical Officer for Forestry at Farming Connect, said it is important that farmers don’t ignore their green infrastructure as by optimising the benefits of hedges and woodland they can improve economic and environmental performance.

“These are assets which can be taken for granted or forgotten about but are an important means of reducing carbon emissions and improving livestock health and welfare through shelter provision,’’ said Mr Jones.

TIPS FOR MAKING BETTER USE OF HEDGEROWS

Take a whole farm approach to deciding which hedges to manage with a hedgerow management plan.

Gaps at the bottom of hedgerows create a wind tunnel effect so consider hedge laying. Course are available through LANTRA.

If creating paddocks, ensure there is sufficient shelter – hedges should be of appropriate length and scale to provide as much shelter as possible for the number and class of livestock allocated to each paddock.

Identify a funding stream to help meet the cost of improvements.

When designing and planting a shelterbelt or hedgerow, select a proportion of species that will provide height to maximise the reach of shelter into a field.

Farming Connect, which is delivered by Menter a Busnes and Lantra, is funded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and Welsh Government.

Chris Duller and Geraint Davies measuring grass yield

Mae ail-hadu tri chwarter y glaswelltir ar fferm ar yr ucheldir yng Nghymru gyda chymysgedd o wndwn tymor byr a thymor hir yn gadael iddi dyfu mwy o laswellt ond hefyd yn cynnig tymor pori estynedig i ddefaid a gwartheg.

Cymerodd Geraint a Rachel Davies y fferm deuluol yn Fedw Arian Uchaf, y Bala, drosodd yn 2011 ond, oherwydd nad oedd y tir wedi ei ail-hadu na’r maetholion wedi eu rheoli ers dros 20 mlynedd, roedd y cynhyrchiant glaswellt yn wael.

Datgelodd Cynllun Rheoli Maetholion a ariannwyd yn rhannol gan Cyswllt Ffermio nad oedd gan unrhyw gae ar y daliad organig pH dros 5.8 ac roedd y lefelau potash a ffosfforws yn bennaf ar fynegai 0 neu 1.

Er mwyn ymdrin â’r diffygion hyn, chwalodd Mr a Mrs Davies 1,000 tunnell o galch dros gyfnod o wyth mlynedd ac mae’r rhaglen hon yn parhau.

Maent hefyd wedi adnewyddu llwybrau oedd ar y fferm er mwyn hwyluso chwalu tail ar y caeau.

Yna aethant ati i ail-hadu 61 hectar (ha) o’u 81ha o laswelltir gyda mathau oedd yn cyfateb â’u system a’u hinsawdd a’u dymuniad i dyfu mwy o borthiant yn y gwanwyn a’r hydref i fyrhau’r cyfnod dan do i’w diadell o 650 o famogiaid Mynydd Cymreig a 50 o fuchod magu.

Yn ystod diwrnod agored Cyswllt Ffermio ar y fferm yn ddiweddar, dywedodd yr arbenigwr glaswelltir annibynnol, Chris Duller, sydd wedi bod yn rhan o’r prosiect ail-hadu, nad yw tua £500/ha o gostau ail-hadu yn swm bychan ond nododd: “Os gallwch chi dyfu tair tunnell yn ychwanegol ar bob hectar a defnyddio’r glaswellt hwnnw byddwch yn adfer y costau yn y flwyddyn gyntaf.”

Mewn system bîff gall pob tunnell ychwanegol o gynnwys sych a ddefnyddir gan wartheg gael ei throsi yn werth tua £185 o gynnydd mewn pwysau byw.

“Mae llawer o’r tir sydd heb ei droi ers tro yn debygol o fod yn cynhyrchu llai na 7tDM/ha y flwyddyn ond dylai gwndwn tymor hir newydd gynhyrchu 10t yn hawdd yn ei flwyddyn gyntaf, bydd gwndwn tymor byr yn cynhyrchu mwy fyth,” dywedodd Mr Duller.

Yn ogystal â rhygwellt Eidalaidd, sydd â’r potensial i dyfu 17-18tDM/ha yn y flwyddyn gyntaf, mae’r teulu Davies hefyd yn tyfu Westerwold, rhygwellt blynyddol, a fydd yn cynnig porfa yn hwyr i’r hydref ac yn gynnar yn y gwanwyn y flwyddyn ganlynol yn ogystal â thyfu cnwd silwair cynnar.

Dywedodd Mr Duller bod gwndwn tymor byr yn dda am lanhau caeau sydd â chwyn ond mae hefyd yn llenwi’r bylchau yn y gromlin tyfiant glaswellt. “Bydd cael amrywiaeth o fathau o wndwn a rhai cnydau porthiant yn symud oddi wrth y patrwm gormodedd neu brinder lle mae popeth yn tyfu ar ei orau ym mis Mehefin a Gorffennaf ond nad oes digon ar amseroedd eraill,” dywedodd.

Yr ochr negyddol, yn arbennig i systemau organig fel yr un ar Fedw Arian Uchaf, yw bod gofynion gwndwn tymor byr o ran maetholion yn uchel. Gallant hefyd fod yn dueddol o ddioddef afiechydon fel y gawod goch a chynhyrchu porfa agored a all achosi problem wrth bori mewn tywydd gwlyb.

Gall ei ddefnyddio hefyd fod yn heriol, yn arbennig gyda Westerwold, gan y gall ddechrau cynhyrchu pennau hadau os nad oes digon o bwysedd pori.

Ddeuddeng wythnos ar ôl hau, roedd y gwndwn Westerwold a’r rhygwellt Eidalaidd yn Fedw Arian Uchaf yn barod am doriad silwair ysgafn – gan gynhyrchu 2.7 a 2.3tDM/ha yn eu tro.

Ddeunaw diwrnod yn ddiweddarach roedd ŵyn ar yr adlodd oedd wedi tyfu’n dda.

Mae Mr a Mrs Davies hefyd yn tyfu rêp porthiant a swêj mewn ymgais i gael gwared ar yr angen am ddwysfwyd.

Dywed Mr Duller mai un o anfanteision tyfu cnydau porthiant yw eu bod yn arwain at gaeau moel yn y gwanwyn ond dywedodd y gellid lliniaru hyn trwy dyfu cnwd cyfatebol o rygwellt Eidalaidd. “Os ydych yn tyfu pum erw o swêj, tyfwch bum erw o rygwellt Eidalaidd mewn cae arall fel bod gan y da byw borthiant i symud iddo.’’

Mater arall y mae Mr a Mrs Davies yn ymdrin ag o yw rheolaeth dŵr. Er gwaethaf glawiad eithriadol o uchel ar y fferm, gall y ffynonellau dŵr naturiol i dda byw sychu yn gyflym ac mae hyn yn effeithio ar y system bori cylchdro.

Trwy Cyswllt Ffermio, mae’r cwpl wedi cychwyn ar Gynllun Rheoli Dŵr ac yn awr yn ystyried y posibilrwydd o dyllu tyllau turio neu greu pyllau.

Maent hefyd yn ymdrin â darparu lleiniau cysgodi i dda byw trwy reoli gwrychoedd a choetiroedd ac maent yn gweithio gyda Coed Cymru ac Awdurdod Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri ar brosiect i reoli coetir derw hynafol 35 erw.

Dywedodd Geraint Jones, Swyddog Technegol Coedwigaeth Cyswllt Ffermio, ei bod yn bwysig i ffermwyr beidio ag anwybyddu eu seilwaith gwyrdd, gan y gallant wella eu perfformiad economaidd ac amgylcheddol trwy wneud y defnydd gorau o wrychoedd a choetiroedd.

“Mae’r rhain yn asedau y gellir eu cymryd yn ganiataol neu eu hanghofio ond maent yn fodd pwysig o leihau allyriadau carbon a gwella iechyd da byw a’u lles trwy gynnig cysgod,” dywedodd Mr Jones.

AWGRYMIADAU I WNEUD GWELL DEFNYDD O WRYCHOEDD

Defnyddiwch ddull fferm gyfan wrth benderfynu pa wrychoedd i’w rheoli gyda chynllun rheoli gwrychoedd.

Mae bylchau yng ngwaelod gwrychoedd yn creu effaith twnnel wynt felly ystyriwch blygu gwrychoedd. Mae cyrsiau ar gael trwy LANTRA.

Os ydych yn creu padogau, gwnewch yn siŵr bod digon o gysgod – dylai gwrychoedd fod o hyd a graddfa briodol i gynnig cymaint o gysgod ag sy’n bosibl i’r nifer a’r dosbarth o dda byw a ddyrannwyd i bob padog.

Dynodwch ffynhonnell ariannol i helpu i dalu am gostau gwelliannau.

Wrth gynllunio a phlannu llain gysgodi neu wrych, dewiswch gyfran o rywogaethau fydd yn cynnig uchder er mwyn sicrhau bod y cysgod yn cyrraedd ymhell i’r cae.

Mae CyswlltFfermio, sy’ncaeleiddarparuganMenter a Busnes a Lantra, yncaeleiariannuganLywodraeth Cymru a ChronfaAmaethyddolEwropargyferDatblyguGwledig.

 

 

 

 


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