Grazing strategies that exploit Wales’ climate for growing grass must be a priority for livestock farmers amid demand for grass-fed sheep and beef.
Although the market doesn’t routinely reward farmers for meat qualities associated with grazing quality grass, such as high levels of important trace elements, grazing specialist James Daniel predicts that could change.
He told farmers attending an intensive two-day Farming Connect ‘Master Grass’ course that managing grazing will become ever more important, not only to reduce cost of production but to capitalise on changes to consumer eating habits and a demand for products that deliver additional health benefits.
For beef and lamb, this could come from grazing high quality pasture, said Mr Daniel, of Precision Grazing Ltd. “The market for meat is changing and grass will play an important part in this going forward,’’ he suggested.
Rotational grazing – a system of moving a group of animals through defined fields or paddocks in a planned way – is key to growing quality grass, said Mr Daniel.
Permanent and temporary fencing allows for shorter grazing periods, promoting grass growth and allowing flexibility in managing grass shortages and surpluses.
Mr Daniel advised that the first goal of grazing management is to ensure that animals consistently have enough pasture, of the correct quality, to fulfil their genetic potential for lactation or growth.
Rotational grazing allows intakes to be matched to an animal’s requirements. “Giving a ewe the run of the farm is not a productive system as she will eat a lot more than she needs,’’ Mr Daniel pointed out.
“As grass managers, use what the sheep or cattle leave behind as a guide to what they need.’’
For lamb producers, he recommends formulating a grazing calendar based around tupping. “When you mate a ewe you set in stone the timing of her needs for the year,’’ he said.
“If you mate at a time that is inappropriate for your farm you will be acquiring a lot of cost or setting yourself up for failure.’’
Ewes should be tupped to coincide with lambing in the period when a farm produces its best quality grass in the three weeks immediately afterwards. “You only get one chance at it, if the ewe doesn’t get the right quality feed in those 21 days after lambing she will have lighter lambs at weaning.’’
Feed demand is dictated by stage of production. A ewe rearing two lambs has the highest demand – 4% of her bodyweight; for an 70kg ewe that’s a daily requirement of 2.8kg of dry matter (DM).
If a 4-hectare (ha) paddock is stocked with 50 ewes it will need to grow at 35kgDM/ha/day to feed those ewes, Mr Daniel calculated. This growth is normally not seen until the end of April.
In rotational grazing systems, it is important to get the infrastructure right – each paddock must have a water supply and reliable power for sub-divisional electric fences.
With good grassland management, farmers can reduce their nitrogen (N) inputs too. N is the biggest cause of carbon emissions on a livestock farm which could have implications for the industry going forward, said Mr Daniel.
In New Zealand, livestock farmers are taxed on the volume of N they use, a system which other countries could also adopt, he warned.
Growing swards with 20-30% clover could fix 150kg N/ha per year.
Other speakers at the Master Grass event at Glynllifon College were Charlie Morgan of GrassMaster Ltd and Rhys Williams of Precision Grazing Ltd.
Farmers attending Master Grass already have plans in place to put into action on their own farms the valuable advice they gained from the course.
Mark Evans, who farms suckler beef cattle, sheep and pigs at Fferm Talyfan Fach, Llandeilo, said he had significantly improved his knowledge of soil and grass production.
“The two go hand in hand,’’ he said. “I never had a formal education in agriculture so for me the Farming Connect courses are a valuable source of information and advice.
“I attended Master Soils too, I didn’t absorb everything then so I have been able to build on it at Master Grass.’’
The course was facilitated by Gwion Parry, Farming Connect’s red meat technical officer in North Wales.
He said it had given participants the tools and the confidence to trust in the system of rotational grazing and to identify the potential of their own farms, including grass growth and stocking rates.
“The course highlighted the importance of doing the small things well. Measuring and inspecting the productivity of both your soil and pasture as well as your livestock’s feed requirements, to aid the management of your business.’’
Farming Connect is delivered by Menter a Busnes and Lantra on behalf of Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development.
Gall rheoli glaswellt yn dda helpu ffermwyr i fanteisio ar y newidiadau yn y farchnad am gig
Rhaid i strategaethau pori sy’n manteisio ar hinsawdd Cymru i dyfu glaswellt fod yn flaenoriaeth i ffermwyr da byw yng nghanol y galw am ddefaid a bîff wedi eu magu ar laswellt.
Er nad yw’r farchnad yn gwobrwyo ffermwyr fel arfer am ansawdd y cig yn gysylltiedig â phori glaswellt o safon uchel, fel lefelau uchel o elfennau hybrin pwysig, mae’r arbenigwr pori James Daniel yn rhagweld y gall hynny newid.
Dywedodd wrth ffermwyr ar gwrs deuddydd dwys ‘Meistr ar Borfa’ Cyswllt Ffermio y bydd rheoli glaswellt yn dod yn bwysicach o hyd, nid yn unig i leihau costau cynhyrchu ond hefyd i fanteisio ar newidiadau i arferion bwyta defnyddwyr a galw am gynhyrchion sy’n cynnig manteision ychwanegol o ran iechyd.
Ar gyfer bîff a chig oen, gall hyn ddod o bori porfa o safon uchel, dywedodd Mr Daniel, o Precision Grazing Ltd. “Mae’r farchnad am gig yn newid a bydd glaswellt yn chwarae rhan bwysig yn hyn wrth symud ymlaen,” awgrymodd.
Mae pori cylchdro – system o symud grŵp o anifeiliaid trwy gaeau neu badogau penodol mewn ffordd wedi ei chynllunio – yn allweddol wrth dyfu glaswellt o safon, dywedodd Mr Daniel.
Mae ffensys parhaol a dros dro yn caniatáu cyfnodau pori byrrach, yn hyrwyddo tyfiant glaswellt ac yn gadael hyblygrwydd wrth reoli prinder glaswellt ac unrhyw ormodedd.
Dywedodd Mr Daniel mai nod cyntaf rheoli pori yw sicrhau bod gan anifeiliaid ddigon o borfa yn gyson, a hynny o’r safon gywir, i gyflawni eu potensial genynnol o ran llaetha neu dyfu.
Trwy bori cylchdro gellir cyfateb yr hyn y mae’r anifail yn ei fwyta a’i anghenion. “Nid yw gadael i famog grwydro trwy’r fferm gyfan yn system gynhyrchiol gan y bydd yn bwyta llawer mwy nag sydd arni ei angen,” nododd Mr Daniel.
“Fel rheolwyr glaswellt, defnyddiwch yr hyn y mae defaid neu wartheg yn ei adael ar ôl fel canllaw i beth sydd arnynt ei angen.’’
I gynhyrchwyr cig oen, mae’n argymell llunio calendr pori o gwmpas y cyfnod troi at yr hwrdd. “Pan fydd mamog yn mynd at yr hwrdd, rydych yn gosod amseriad ei hanghenion am y flwyddyn yn bendant,” dywedodd.
“Os byddwch yn troi at yr hwrdd ar adeg anaddas i’ch fferm byddwch yn tynnu llawer o gostau neu yn gosod llwybr i fethu.”
Dylai mamogiaid fynd at yr hwrdd fel eu bod yn ŵyna pan fydd y fferm yn cynhyrchu ei glaswellt gorau yn y tair wythnos yn dilyn hynny. “Dim ond un cyfle gewch chi, os na fydd y famog yn cael porthiant o’r ansawdd iawn yn y 21 diwrnod ar ôl ŵyna, bydd yr ŵyn yn ysgafnach wrth eu diddyfnu.”
Mae’r galw am borthiant yn cael ei bennu gan y cyfnod cynhyrchu. Mamog sy’n magu dau oen fydd â’r gofynion mwyaf – 4% o’i phwysau; i famog 70kg mae hynny’n gofyn am 2.8kg o gynnwys sych (DM).
Os bydd 50 o famogiaid ar badog 4 hectar (ha) bydd angen iddo dyfu ar 35kgDM/ha/dydd i borthi’r mamogiaid hynny, cyfrifodd Mr Daniel. Ni welir y math hwn o dyfiant fel arfer tan ddiwedd Ebrill.
Mewn systemau pori cylchdro, mae’n bwysig cael y seilwaith yn iawn – rhaid i bob padog fod â chyflenwad dŵr a phŵer dibynadwy ar gyfer y ffensys trydan i rannu’r caeau.
Trwy reoli’r glaswelltir yn dda, gall ffermwyr leihau’r nitrogen (N) fydd ei angen hefyd. N sy’n achosi mwyaf o allyriadau carbon ar fferm dda byw a all fod ag oblygiadau i’r diwydiant wrth symud ymlaen, dywedodd Mr Daniel.
Yn Seland Newydd, mae ffermwyr da byw yn cael eu trethu ar faint o N y maent yn ei ddefnyddio, system y gall gwledydd eraill ei mabwysiadu, rhybuddiodd.
Bydd tyfu gwndwn gyda 20-30% o feillion gyda’r gallu i sefydlogi 150 kg N/ha yn flynyddol.
Ymhlith y siaradwyr eraill yn y digwyddiad Meistr ar Borfa yng Ngholeg Glynllifon roedd Charlie Morgan o GrassMaster Ltd a Rhys Williams o Precision Grazing Ltd.
Mae gan y ffermwyr a ddaeth i’r cwrs Meistr ar Borfa gynlluniau yn eu lle i weithredu ar y cyngor defnyddiol a gawsant ar y cwrs yn barod.
Dywedodd Mark Evans, sy’n ffermio gwartheg bîff magu, defaid a moch ar Fferm Talyfan Fach, Llandeilo, ei fod wedi gwella ei ddealltwriaeth o bridd a chynhyrchu glaswellt yn sylweddol.
“Mae’r ddau yn mynd law yn llaw,’’ dywedodd. “Ches i erioed addysg ffurfiol mewn amaethyddiaeth ac felly mae cyrsiau Cyswllt Ffermio yn ffynhonnell werthfawr o wybodaeth a chyngor.
“Fe fues i ar y cwrs Priddoedd hefyd, wnes i ddim treulio’r holl wybodaeth bryd hynny felly rwyf wedi gallu adeiladu arno ar Meistr ar Borfa.”
Trefnwyd y cwrs gan Gwion Parry, swyddog technegol cig coch Cyswllt Ffermio yng Ngogledd Cymru.
Dywedodd ei fod wedi rhoi’r offer a’r hyder i’r rhai a gymerodd ran i ymddiried yn y system bori cylchdro ac i ddynodi potensial eu ffermydd eu hunain, gan gynnwys tyfiant glaswellt a chyfraddau stocio.
“Amlygodd y cwrs bwysigrwydd gwneud pethau bach yn dda. Mesur ac archwilio cynhyrchiant eich pridd a’ch porfa yn ogystal â gofynion porthiant eich da byw, er mwyn helpu i reoli eich busnes.’’
Mae Cyswllt Ffermio yn cael ei ddarparu gan Menter a Busnes a Lantra ar ran Llywodraeth Cymru a Chronfa Amaethyddol Ewrop ar gyfer Datblygu Gwledig.
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