10 plants to start growing this autumn
Want to grow plants that are perfect for pollinators?
Based on their cutting-edge research, scientists at the National Botanic Garden of Wales have revealed a hit-list of recommendations for some of the best spring garden plants, to plant this autumn.
The Botanic Garden’s PhD researcher, Abigail Lowe says: “As pollinating insects emerge on warm days in late winter and early spring, they seek their first meals of the season.
“After hibernating over winter, bumblebee queens need to find nest sites to form new colonies – a very energy-demanding task.
“Most hoverflies and solitary bees overwinter as larvae, beginning their adulthood ‘on the wing’ during spring. And while honeybees stay active during warm days throughout winter, they need to replenish their stores in spring to sustain their developing brood.”
To give these pollinators a head-start, grow flowers in your garden that provide a bounty of sugary nectar and protein-rich pollen. Here are some of the top pollinator plants for spring-time gardens, based on the Botanic Garden’s Saving Pollinators research, led by Dr Natasha de Vere. All can be planted in autumn and early winter.
Abigail added: “Importantly, these plants need to be insecticide-free – our Saving Pollinators Assurance Scheme will help you. Opt for single-flowered blooms which allow easy access for pollinators.”
This is your guide for turning your backyard into a pollinator haven next spring:
Wallflowers (Erysimum)
Wallflowers, such as Erysimum ‘Bowles’s Mauve’, have an amazingly long flowering season that spans the colder months. A wide array of pollinating insects will forage on them, including solitary bees.
Hellebores (Helleborus)
Among the first flowers to appear early in the year, hellebores are a welcome sight for pollinators. Pools of nectar are held within nectaries at the base of the flowers and the flowers’ stamens offer an abundance of pollen.
Comfrey (Symphytum)
Comfrey is in the borage family – a real all-rounder for pollinators. Short- and long-tongued bumblebees, as well as honeybees and hoverflies will visit the tubular flowers of this plant. Propagate now from seed or from root cuttings, or buy as dormant potted plants. Choose a site where the plant can be kept in-check, as it can be invasive.
Grape hyacinth (Muscari)
These spring-flowering bulbs are a favourite for honeybees and are perfect for a pollinator-friendly pot. When sourcing bulbs, buy organic to ensure they are free from pesticide residues and safe for pollinators.
Anemone
A perfect choice for dappled shade or a pot. The cup-shaped flowers are enjoyed by honeybees, bumblebees and hoverflies. Choose from the white-flowered native Anemone nemorosa, Anemone blanda in shades of blue, white or pink and Anemone × lipsiensis in pale yellow.
Crocus
Colourful swathes of crocuses in spring are a welcome sight. In particular, the purple varieties such as Crocus tommasinianus are often sought out by bees and hoverflies searching for food after winter. Plant in a sunny, well-drained spot to get the best results.
Snowdrops (Galanthus)
Snowdrops are one of the first signs that winter is ending, with blooms seen as early as January. They provide a vital nectar and pollen source for emerging pollinators such as honeybees and queen bumblebees. Bulbs should be planted in the ground immediately to prevent drying out and will establish easily. Ensure that you add some drainage in the form of grit to the planting areas to stop the bulbs from rotting.
Apples, cherries and plums (Malus and Prunus)
Most varieties of apple, plum and cherry need cross-pollination to produce fruit. Luckily, the spring blossom of these trees is loved by a range of pollinators including honeybees and solitary bees. The wide open flowers are also accessible to hoverflies which, unlike bees, lack a long proboscis. Plant container-grown plants now, and bear root plants once dormant, and the leaves have dropped.
Willows (Salix spp.)
The catkins produced by willows are packed full of pollen and nectar. Cuttings or rods root easily and can be bought online in winter. If you have a small garden, try coppicing, where a proportion of stems are removed each year but be sure to leave some old enough to flower. There are also low-growing alpine species, such as the native dwarf willow (Salix herbacea).
Lungwort (Pulmonaria)
The early flowers of Pulmonaria provide nectar and pollen to bees when little else is available. The colourful, tubular flowers are enjoyed by many species but it is particularly favoured by the hairy-footed flower bee, Anthophora plumipes. Good for dappled or full shade, these plants will naturally spread providing a lovely addition to a border.
· The National Botanic Garden of Wales recently launched its Saving Pollinators Assurance Scheme which guarantees that eligible plants are loved by bees and other pollinating insects, don’t contain synthetic insecticides and are grown in peat-free compost.
· It is the first pollinator plant logo scheme in the UK to be backed by DNA-barcoding science and is currently being rolled out to growers and nurseries. It aims to prevent pollinator decline and benefits other wildlife such as hedgehogs, sparrows and frogs
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Creu hafan wanwyn arbennig ar gyfer peillwyr
Am dyfu planhigion sy’n berffaith ar gyfer peillwyr?
Yn seiliedig ar eu gwaith ymchwil, mae gwyddonwyr yng Ngardd Fotaneg Genedlaethol Cymru wedi llunio rhestr o argymhellion o ran rhai o’r planhigion gorau ar gyfer yr ardd yn y gwanwyn, sydd i’w plannu yr hydref hwn.
Dywed ymchwilydd PhD yr Ardd Fotaneg, Abigail Lowe: “Pan fydd pryfed peillio yn ymddangos ar ddiwrnodau cynnes yn niwedd y gaeaf a dechrau’r gwanwyn, chwilio am eu prydau cyntaf o’r tymor y byddant.
“Ar ôl bod yn gaeafgysgu, mae angen i freninesau cacwn ddod o hyd i safleoedd nythu i ffurfio nythfeydd newydd – tasg sy’n gofyn am lawer o egni.
“Mae’r rhan fwyaf o bryfed hofran a gwenyn unig yn gaeafu ar ffurf larfa, gan ddechrau ar eu bywyd o fod yn oedolion trwy hedfan yn ystod y gwanwyn. Tra bo gwenyn mêl yn parhau i fod yn egnïol ar ddyddiau cynnes trwy gydol y gaeaf, mae angen iddynt ailgyflenwi eu storfeydd yn y gwanwyn i gynnal eu mag sy’n datblygu.”
Dyma isod rai o’r planhigion gorau mewn gerddi ar gyfer peillwyr yn y gwanwyn. Mae’r rhestr yn seiliedig ar ymchwil Arbed Peillwyr yr Ardd Fotaneg, sydd dan arweiniad Dr Natasha de Vere. Gellir plannu pob un yn ystod yr hydref a dechrau’r gaeaf.
Dywedodd Abigail: “Yn bwysig iawn, mae’n rhaid i’r planhigion hyn fod yn rhydd o bryfladdwyr –bydd ein Cynllun Sicrwydd Arbed Peillwyr yn eich helpu. Dewiswch blanhigion â blodau sengl, sy’n caniatáu i beillwyr fynd i mewn iddynt yn hawdd.”
Dyma eich canllawiau ar gyfer troi eich iard gefn yn hafan i beillwyr y gwanwyn nesaf trwy i chi fynd ati i dyfu blodau sy’n cynnig cyfoeth o neithdar siwgrog a phaill llawn protein:
Blodyn y fagwyr (Erysimum)
Mae gan flodau’r fagwyr, er enghraifft Erysimum ‘Bowles’s Mauve’, dymor blodeuo rhyfeddol o hir, sy’n rhychwantu’r misoedd oerach. Bydd amrywiaeth eang o bryfed peillio yn chwilota arnynt, gan gynnwys gwenyn unig.
Crafanc-yr-arth (Helleborus)
Ac yntau ymhlith y blodau cyntaf i ymddangos yn gynnar yn y flwyddyn, mae crafanc-yr-arth yn olygfa i’w chroesawu gan beillwyr. Mae pyllau o neithdar yn cael eu dal mewn neithdarleoedd ym môn y blodau, ac mae brigerau’r blodau yn cynnig digonedd o baill.
Cyfardwf (Symphytum)
Mae’r cyfardwf yn perthyn i deulu tafod yr ych – planhigyn hyblyg ar gyfer peillwyr. Bydd cacwn tafod byr a hir, ynghyd â gwenyn mêl a phryfed hofran, yn ymweld â blodau tiwbaidd y planhigyn hwn. Lledaenwch nhw ‘nawr o hadau neu o doriadau â gwreiddiau, neu eu prynu ar ffurf planhigion cwsg mewn potiau. Dewiswch safle lle gellir cadw golwg ar y planhigyn gan y gall fod yn ymledol.
Clychau dulas (Muscari)
Mae’r bylbiau blodeuol hyn yn y gwanwyn yn ffefryn gan wenyn mêl, ac maent yn berffaith ar gyfer pot planhigion sy’n gyfeillgar i beillwyr. Wrth chwilio am fylbiau, prynwch rai organig i sicrhau eu bod yn rhydd o weddillion plaladdwyr ac yn ddiogel i beillwyr.
Blodau’r gwynt (Anemone)
Dewis perffaith ar gyfer cysgod brith neu bot. Mae gwenyn mêl, cacwn a phryfed hofran yn mwynhau’r blodau siâp cwpan. Dewiswch rhwng y planhigyn brodorol â’i flodau gwyn, Anemone nemorosa, neu Anemone blanda mewn arlliwiau o las, gwyn neu binc, neu Anemone × lipiensis, sy’n felyn golau.
Saffrwm
Mae tonnau lliwgar o’r saffrwm yn y gwanwyn yn olygfa i’w chroesawu. Bydd gwenyn a phryfed hofran sy’n chwilio am fwyd ar ôl y gaeaf yn anelu’n benodol at y mathau porffor, megis Crocus tommasinianus. I gael y canlyniadau gorau, plannwch nhw mewn man heulog sy’n draenio’n dda .
Eirlysiau (Galanthus)
Eirlysiau yw un o’r arwyddion cyntaf bod y gaeaf yn dod i ben, a gellir gweld y blodau mor gynnar â mis Ionawr. Maent yn darparu ffynhonnell o neithdar a phaill hanfodol ar gyfer y peillwyr sy’n ymddangos, er enghraifft gwenyn mêl a breninesau cacwn. I’w hatal rhag sychu, dylid plannu’r bylbiau yn y ddaear ar unwaith. Byddant yn sefydlu’n hawdd. Sicrhewch eich bod yn ychwanegu graean i’r mannau plannu i helpu draeniad ac atal y bylbiau rhag pydru.
Afalau, ceirios ac eirin (Malus a Prunus)
I gynhyrchu ffrwythau, mae’n rhaid croesbeillio’r rhan fwyaf o fathau o afal, eirin a cheirios. Yn ffodus, mae amrywiaeth o beillwyr wrth eu bodd â blodau gwanwyn y coed hyn, yn cynnwys gwenyn mêl a gwenyn unig. Mae’r blodau agored, llydan hefyd yn hygyrch i bryfed hofran nad oes ganddynt, yn wahanol i wenyn, sugnydd hir. Ewch ati ‘nawr i blannu planhigion sydd wedi cael eu tyfu mewn cynwysyddion, ac yna plannwch blanhigion â gwreiddiau noeth pan fyddant ynghwsg a’r dail wedi cwympo.
Helyg (Salix spp.)
Mae’r gwyddau bach a gynhyrchir gan helyg yn llawn dop o baill a neithdar. Mae toriadau neu wiail yn gwreiddio’n hawdd, a gellir eu prynu ar-lein yn y gaeaf. Os oes gennych ardd fechan, rhowch gynnig ar brysgoedio, sef proses o dynnu cyfran o’r coesynnau bob blwyddyn, ond gwnewch yn siŵr eich bod yn gadael rhywfaint sy’n ddigon hen i flodeuo. Mae yna hefyd rywogaethau alpaidd sy’n tyfu’n isel ar gael, megis y gorhelygen frodorol (Salix herbacea).
Llysiau’r ysgyfaint (Pulmonaria)
Mae blodau cynnar llysiau’r ysgyfaint yn darparu neithdar a phaill i wenyn pan nad oes fawr ddim arall ar gael. Mae llawer o rywogaethau’n mwynhau’r blodau tiwbaidd lliwgar, ond mae’n cael ei ffafrio’n arbennig gan y wenynen y blodau coesau blewog, Anthophora plumipes. Mae llysiau’r ysgyfaint yn dda ar gyfer cysgod brith neu gysgod llawn, a byddant yn ymledu’n naturiol, gan ddarparu ychwanegiad hyfryd at y border.
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